ResolvePro EPA

Recover

300 mg EPA

Boost

300 mg EPA

Form

AvailOm® 50 High EPA

Bioavailability

5-9× vs Ethyl Esters

The molecule that ends inflammation — the omega-3 fatty acid that competes directly with arachidonic acid to shift your body from pro-inflammatory to pro-resolving. While DHA builds your neurons, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) actively resolves inflammation through competitive displacement of arachidonic acid from COX and LOX enzymes, producing anti-inflammatory eicosanoids instead of pro-inflammatory ones. But EPA’s most remarkable property is its transformation into E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2, RvE3) — specialized pro-resolving mediators that don’t merely suppress inflammation but actively terminate it through receptor-mediated resolution programs. EPA is also the only omega-3 with robust meta-analytic evidence for antidepressant efficacy — formulations with ≥60% EPA consistently outperform DHA-dominant preparations in clinical trials. NTRPX uses AvailOm® 50 High EPA — a lysine-complexed free fatty acid form with 5-9× higher bioavailability than standard fish oil — strategically concentrated in ASG Recover for evening resolution and ASG Boost for daytime anti-inflammatory support. In NTRPX, ResolvePro EPA delivers the molecular machinery of inflammation termination.

Mechanism of Action

EPA (all-cis-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid) operates through four distinct but synergistic mechanisms:

Mechanism 1: Arachidonic Acid Competition (Primary Anti-Inflammatory)

EPA’s fundamental anti-inflammatory action stems from competitive displacement of arachidonic acid (AA) in eicosanoid synthesis:

Enzyme	AA Product	EPA Product	Difference
COX-1/2	PGE2 (pro-inflammatory)	PGE3 (weakly inflammatory)	PGE3 is 10× less potent
COX-1	TXA2 (pro-aggregatory)	TXA3 (weakly aggregatory)	TXA3 is 3× less potent
COX-2	PGI2 (vasodilator)	PGI3 (vasodilator)	Both vasodilatory
5-LOX	LTB4 (neutrophil chemotaxis)	LTB5 (weak chemotaxis)	LTB5 is 10-30× less active

The EPA:AA Ratio — A Marker of Inflammatory Status:

EPA:AA Ratio	Inflammatory Status	Clinical Implication
<0.1	Highly pro-inflammatory	Western diet typical
0.1–0.3	Moderately inflammatory	Needs improvement
0.3–0.5	Balanced	Optimal range
>0.5	Anti-inflammatory dominant	Japanese diet typical

Key Finding (Wada et al., 2007, J Biol Chem): EPA competes directly with AA for both the catalytic and allosteric sites of COX enzymes. When EPA occupies COX-2, the enzyme produces PGE3 instead of PGE2 — a 3-series prostaglandin that is dramatically less inflammatory. This competition is dose-dependent: as dietary EPA increases, membrane EPA content rises, the AA:EPA ratio falls, and the balance of eicosanoid production shifts from pro-inflammatory to neutral/anti-inflammatory.

Mechanism 2: E-Series Resolvin Biosynthesis (Active Resolution)

EPA’s most sophisticated action is serving as the precursor to E-series resolvins — specialized pro-resolving mediators that actively terminate inflammation:

Resolvin	Complete Structure	Key Receptor	Primary Actions
RvE1	5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-EPA	ChemR23, BLT1	Stops neutrophil transmigration, enhances macrophage phagocytosis
RvE2	5S,18R-dihydroxy-EPA	BLT1 (antagonist)	Blocks LTB4 signaling, reduces PMN infiltration
RvE3	17R,18R-dihydroxy-EPA	ChemR23	Potent neutrophil migration inhibition

Resolution vs. Suppression — A Critical Distinction:Traditional anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) suppress the inflammatory response by blocking enzyme activity. This can impair healing and immune function. Resolvins work differently:

Mechanism	Traditional NSAIDs	E-Series Resolvins
Mode	Enzyme inhibition (blockade)	Receptor-mediated (resolution program)
Effect on neutrophils	Blocks recruitment	Promotes apoptosis and efferocytosis
Effect on macrophages	Reduced function	Enhanced phagocytosis of debris
Healing	May impair	Actively promotes
Potency	Micromolar	Picomolar-Nanomolar

Resolvin E1 — Dual Receptor Mechanism:

ChemR23 Agonism: Activates resolution programs on macrophages and dendritic cells
- Enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis)
- Reduces IL-12 production
- Promotes tissue repair signaling
BLT1 Partial Agonism/Antagonism: Blocks pro-inflammatory LTB4 signaling
- Competes with LTB4 for receptor binding (Kd ~45-48 nM)
- Attenuates neutrophil chemotaxis
- Reduces NF-κB activation

Mechanism 3: Antidepressant Effect (EPA-Specific)

EPA demonstrates robust antidepressant activity in clinical trials — an effect not consistently seen with DHA-dominant preparations:Meta-Analytic Evidence (Sublette et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2019):

Formulation	Effect Size	Significance	Conclusion
EPA ≥60% of total EPA+DHA	SMD = 0.532	p < 0.001	Effective
EPA-pure (100% EPA)	SMD = -0.50	p = 0.003	Effective
EPA-major (≥60%)	SMD = -1.03	p = 0.03	Effective
EPA <60% of total	SMD = -0.026	p = 0.756	Not effective
DHA-pure	No significant effect	—	Not effective
DHA-major	No significant effect	—	Not effective

Optimal Antidepressant Dosing:

EPA ≥60% of total EPA+DHA
Dose range: 1-2g EPA/day
As adjunct to standard antidepressants (more effective than monotherapy)
Duration: 8-12 weeks minimum

Why EPA Works Better Than DHA for Depression:

Superior neuroinflammation suppression — EPA more effectively reduces inflammatory cytokines linked to depression
Faster metabolism — EPA is more rapidly converted to bioactive resolvins; DHA is structurally incorporated
Differential receptor effects — EPA-derived mediators may have stronger mood-relevant receptor activity

Mechanism 4: Cardiovascular Protection

EPA provides multiple cardioprotective effects:

CV Effect	Mechanism	Magnitude
Triglyceride reduction	↓ VLDL synthesis, ↑ lipoprotein lipase	20-50% at 2-4g/day
Anti-thrombotic	TXA3 vs TXA2; ↓ platelet aggregation	Clinically significant
Anti-arrhythmic	Membrane stabilization, ion channel effects	Reduced sudden death
Endothelial function	↑ eNOS, ↑ NO bioavailability	Improved vasodilation
Anti-inflammatory	↓ CRP, ↓ IL-6, resolvin production	20-30% CRP reduction

REDUCE-IT Trial (2018): Icosapent ethyl (purified EPA) at 4g/day reduced cardiovascular events by 25% compared to placebo in statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides — demonstrating EPA’s cardioprotective effects beyond triglyceride lowering.

Molecular Identity

Property	Value
IUPAC Name	(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid
Notation	20:5(n-3) or 20:5ω3
Synonyms	Timnodonic acid, EPA
Molecular Formula	C₂₀H₃₀O₂
Molecular Weight	302.45 g/mol
CAS Number	10417-94-4
Double Bonds	5 (all cis configuration)
Melting Point	-54°C (liquid at body temperature)

AvailOm® Technology

The Bioavailability Problem

Traditional omega-3 supplements face fundamental absorption challenges that limit EPA delivery:

AvailOm® 50 High EPA Specifications

Parameter	Specification
Form	Omega-3 lysine complex powder
EPA Content	≥30% free fatty acid by weight
DHA Content	~15% free fatty acid by weight
Total EPA+DHA	≥50% as free fatty acids
Lysine Content	~14% L-lysine (essential amino acid)
Appearance	Free-flowing powder
Stability	>4 years at 25°C (no refrigeration required)
Regulatory	GRAS (FDA), NDI registered, Novel Food (EU)

Clinical Bioavailability Evidence

Wageningen University Study (2020):

First in-human pharmacokinetic trial
Crossover design: AvailOm® vs standard ethyl ester
Result: 5× higher AUC for AvailOm®
Faster Tmax (peak reached earlier)

BioTeSys Three-Way Crossover RCT (2024):

21 healthy subjects (10 men, 11 women)
Three-way crossover: AvailOm® vs EE vs TG
Results:

Comparison	0-12h Bioavailability	0-24h Bioavailability
AvailOm® vs Ethyl Ester	9.33× higher	8.09× higher
AvailOm® vs Triglyceride	1.57× higher	1.44× higher

Why Lysine Complexation Works

Ionic Stabilization: Lysine (cationic amino acid) forms stable ionic complex with free fatty acid (anionic)
Powder Format: Creates stable, dry powder from liquid oil — no capsule required
Gastric Dissociation: Complex rapidly breaks down at gastric pH to release free EPA
Direct Absorption: Free fatty acids absorbed directly by enterocytes via fatty acid transport proteins
Lipase-Independent: Bypasses need for pancreatic lipase hydrolysis
Bile-Independent: Absorbs efficiently regardless of dietary fat or gallbladder function

Bonus: L-Lysine Content

AvailOm® provides ~14% L-lysine by weight — an essential amino acid with its own benefits:

Lysine Function	Relevance
Carnitine synthesis	Required precursor; supports fat transport into mitochondria
Collagen formation	Structural protein synthesis
Calcium absorption	Enhances intestinal Ca²⁺ uptake
Immune function	Supports antibody production
Daily AA requirements	Contributes to essential amino acid intake

Clinical Evidence

EPA and Depression — The Definitive Evidence

Multiple meta-analyses confirm EPA’s antidepressant efficacy:Sublette et al. (2011) — J Clin Psychiatry:

15 RCTs, 916 participants
Primary finding: EPA ≥60% showed significant benefit (effect size = 0.532, p < 0.001)
EPA <60% showed no benefit
Dose range 200-2,200mg EPA in excess of DHA

Liao et al. (2019) — Translational Psychiatry:

26 RCTs, 2,160 participants
EPA-pure (100% EPA): SMD = -0.50, p = 0.003
EPA-major (≥60%): SMD = -1.03, p = 0.03
DHA formulations: No significant effect

Kelaiditis et al. (2023) — Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids:

10 RCTs, 1,426 participants
EPA ≥60%: SMD = -0.36, p = 0.02
EPA 1-2g/day: SMD = -0.43, p = 0.02
EPA ≥2g/day: Not more effective (plateau effect)

Meta-Analysis	Finding	Clinical Implication
Sublette 2011	EPA ≥60% effective; EPA <60% not effective	Use EPA-dominant formulas
Liao 2019	EPA-pure/major effective; DHA not effective	EPA is the active antidepressant
Kelaiditis 2023	EPA 1-2g/day optimal; >2g/day not better	Dose ceiling exists

EPA and Inflammation

Clinical Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Effects:

Study	Population	EPA Dose	Inflammatory Marker	Result
Itariu et al. 2012	Obese adults	1.8g/day	Adipose TNF-α, IL-6	Significant reduction
Vedin et al. 2008	AD patients	1.7g EPA+0.6g DHA	Cytokines	Reduced inflammation
Calder et al. 2020	Meta-analysis	Various	CRP, IL-6	Consistent reductions

EPA and Cardiovascular Outcomes

REDUCE-IT Trial (Bhatt et al., 2019, NEJM):

8,179 patients on statins with elevated TG
Icosapent ethyl (purified EPA) 4g/day vs placebo
Primary endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke, revascularization, unstable angina): 25% reduction (HR 0.75, p < 0.001)
Triglyceride reduction alone did not explain the benefit
Supports EPA’s pleiotropic cardioprotective effects

REDUCE-IT Outcome	EPA Group	Placebo	Relative Risk Reduction
Primary endpoint	17.2%	22.0%	25% (p < 0.001)
CV death	4.3%	5.2%	20%
Myocardial infarction	6.1%	8.7%	31%
Stroke	2.3%	2.9%	28%

EPA:AA Ratio and Clinical Outcomes

EPA:AA Ratio	Associated Outcomes	Population
<0.1	Highest CV event rate	Western populations
0.3-0.5	Optimal CV protection	Japanese populations
>0.5	Lowest CV event rate	High fish consumers

Clinical Implication: Raising the EPA:AA ratio through EPA supplementation shifts inflammatory balance toward resolution.

Resolvin Formation in Humans

Welty et al. (2016): Omega-3 supplementation in humans increases circulating RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3 levels — confirming that dietary EPA is converted to bioactive resolvins in vivo.Plasma EPA levels correlate with:

↑ Circulating E-series resolvins
↓ Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α)
↓ High-sensitivity CRP
Improved inflammatory resolution capacity

Synergies

EPA + DHA (Complementary Omega-3s)

EPA and DHA serve fundamentally different but complementary roles:

Property	EPA	DHA	NTRPX Strategy
Primary role	Anti-inflammatory signaling	Structural membrane lipid	Both needed
Metabolism	Rapid conversion to eicosanoids/resolvins	Slow incorporation into phospholipids	EPA evening, DHA morning
Depression	Primary antidepressant omega-3	No consistent antidepressant effect	EPA in Recover
Brain structure	Minor membrane role	50% of neuronal membrane	DHA in Boost
Resolvins	E-series (RvE1-3)	D-series (RvD1-6, NPD1)	Both pathways active

NTRPX Omega-3 Distribution:

Boost (AM): 400mg DHA + 300mg EPA — Structural foundation + daytime anti-inflammatory
Sustain (PM): 200mg DHA + 100mg EPA — Maintenance
Recover (PM): 100mg DHA + 300mg EPA — EPA-dominant for evening resolution

EPA + Curcumin (Anti-Inflammatory Synergy)

Compound	Primary Target	Effect	Synergy Logic
EPA	COX/LOX enzymes	↓ Eicosanoid production	Upstream block
Curcumin	NF-κB, AP-1	↓ Inflammatory gene transcription	Downstream block
Combined	Multiple pathways	Comprehensive inflammation control	Multiplicative

EPA + Aspirin (Resolvin Enhancement)

Aspirin acetylates COX-2, enabling the production of aspirin-triggered resolvins with enhanced stability:

Without Aspirin	With Aspirin
EPA → 18R-HEPE → RvE1	EPA → 18S-HEPE → 18S-RvE1
Standard resolvin	Aspirin-triggered resolvin
Normal activity	Higher receptor affinity (EC50 6.33×10⁻¹² M vs 1.37×10⁻¹⁰ M)

Clinical Implication: Low-dose aspirin users may derive enhanced resolvin production from EPA supplementation.

EPA + Vitamin D3 (Inflammation-Immunity Balance)

EPA + Magnesium (Enzymatic Support)

Magnesium Role	EPA Interaction
COX/LOX cofactor	Magnesium required for proper enzyme function
Anti-inflammatory	Both reduce inflammatory markers
Cardiovascular	Complementary cardioprotective effects
Mood support	Both have independent mood benefits

Dosing Strategy

NTRPX EPA Distribution

Product	EPA Dose	DHA Dose	Ratio	Timing Rationale
ASG Boost™	300mg	400mg	DHA-dominant	Morning structural foundation
ASG Sustain™	100mg	200mg	DHA-dominant	Afternoon maintenance
ASG Recover™	300mg	100mg	EPA-dominant	Evening resolution & recovery
Daily Total	700mg	700mg	1:1 balanced	Comprehensive coverage

Why EPA-Dominant in Evening (Recover)?

Timing	Dominant Omega-3	Rationale
Morning	DHA	Cognitive priming; structural foundation for day
Afternoon	DHA	Sustained membrane support
Evening	EPA	Resolution pathways; recovery during sleep

Effective Dose Equivalency

AvailOm® bioavailability advantage means lower doses achieve equivalent plasma levels:

AvailOm® Dose	Equivalent Ethyl Ester Dose	Equivalent TG Dose
100mg EPA	500-900mg EPA (EE)	140-160mg EPA (TG)
300mg EPA	1,500-2,700mg EPA (EE)	420-480mg EPA (TG)
700mg EPA (daily)	3,500-6,300mg EPA (EE)	980-1,120mg EPA (TG)

Implication: NTRPX’s 700mg EPA from AvailOm® delivers the equivalent plasma exposure of 3,500-6,300mg from standard fish oil softgels — well within the therapeutic range for anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects.

Evidence-Based Dosing by Indication

Indication	EPA Dose	Duration	Evidence Level
General wellness	250-500mg	Ongoing	Strong
Anti-inflammatory	500-1,000mg	Ongoing	Strong
Adjunctive antidepressant	1,000-2,000mg	8-12 weeks	Strong
Cardiovascular (high risk)	2,000-4,000mg	Ongoing	Strong (REDUCE-IT)
Triglyceride reduction	2,000-4,000mg	Ongoing	Strong

The 60% Rule for Depression

For antidepressant efficacy, EPA must comprise ≥60% of total EPA+DHA:

Formulation	EPA %	Antidepressant Efficacy
EPA-pure	100%	Effective
EPA-major (NTRPX Recover ratio)	75%	Effective
Balanced 1:1	50%	Marginal
DHA-major	<40%	Not effective
DHA-pure	0%	Not effective

NTRPX Recover: 300mg EPA + 100mg DHA = 75% EPA — optimal for antidepressant effect.

Timing Considerations

Timing	Rationale	NTRPX Implementation
With food	Enhanced absorption (less critical with AvailOm®)	Recommended with meals
Evening for mood	Aligns with sleep recovery; resolvin production	Recover (EPA-dominant)
Split dosing	Maintains stable plasma levels	Boost + Recover
Consistency	Membrane incorporation requires chronic dosing	Daily protocol

Whole Foods Sources

EPA Content of Common Foods

Food Source	Serving	EPA (mg)	DHA (mg)	Total ω-3 (mg)
Atlantic Mackerel	3 oz (85g)	500	1,400	4,580*
Herring	3 oz (85g)	770	940	1,710
Anchovies	3 oz (85g)	760	870	1,630
Atlantic Salmon (wild)	3 oz (85g)	590	1,240	1,830
Atlantic Salmon (farmed)	3 oz (85g)	590	1,090	1,680
Sardines (canned)	3 oz (85g)	450	740	1,190
Rainbow Trout (farmed)	3 oz (85g)	400	500	900
Albacore Tuna	3 oz (85g)	200	530	730
Oysters (raw)	6 medium	260	200	460
Cod	3 oz (85g)	50	130	180

*Mackerel includes additional omega-3s beyond EPA+DHA

Food Equivalents for NTRPX Daily EPA

To match NTRPX’s 700mg EPA from AvailOm® (accounting for 5-9× bioavailability = 3,500-6,300mg equivalent):

Food Source	Amount Needed Daily	Practical?	Notes
Herring	15-27 oz (425-765g)	✗ Impractical	Strong flavor
Anchovies	15-26 oz (425-735g)	✗ Impractical	Extremely salty
Wild Salmon	20-35 oz (570-990g)	✗ Impractical	$25-50/day cost
Mackerel	23-42 oz (650-1,190g)	✗ Impractical	Mercury concern
Sardines	26-46 oz (735-1,300g)	✗ Impractical	7-13 cans/day

Reality Check: Achieving equivalent EPA exposure through food alone is essentially impossible due to:

Standard fish absorption is 5-9× lower than AvailOm®
The sheer volume of fish required
Cost ($25-50/day for adequate amounts)
Mercury accumulation risk with large fish
Practical consumption limits

Dietary Strategy for NTRPX Users

Optimized Approach: Use NTRPX omega-3s as reliable baseline; add whole food sources for additional benefits:

Weekly Target	Rationale	Best Foods
2-3 fatty fish servings	Provides nutrient matrix beyond omega-3s	Salmon, sardines, mackerel
Small oily fish emphasis	Lower mercury, higher EPA	Sardines, anchovies, herring
Variety	Additional minerals (selenium, iodine, zinc)	Oysters, mussels, wild-caught

Why EPA from Supplements Is Optimal

Factor	Whole Fish	AvailOm® EPA
Bioavailability	Variable (20-60%)	Consistent (5-9× higher)
Dose precision	Difficult to calculate	Exact dosing
Mercury risk	Present in large fish	Purified, tested
Cost	$15-50/day for therapeutic dose	Included in NTRPX
Convenience	Preparation required	Ready to use
Stability	Oxidizes during cooking	>4 year shelf life

Plant Sources?

Important: Plants cannot provide EPA.

Source	Omega-3 Type	Conversion to EPA	Practical EPA
Flaxseed	ALA	5-10% conversion	Minimal
Chia seeds	ALA	5-10% conversion	Minimal
Walnuts	ALA	5-10% conversion	Minimal
Hemp seeds	ALA	5-10% conversion	Minimal

Conversion Problem: Humans convert ALA → EPA at only 5-10% efficiency (and ALA → DHA at <0.5%). Plant sources cannot meaningfully contribute to EPA status. Direct EPA from marine sources (fish, algae) is required for therapeutic effects.

Safety & Classification

Adverse Event Profile

Event	Incidence	Severity	Notes
Fishy aftertaste	Rare with AvailOm®	Minimal	Lysine complex prevents
GI upset	Uncommon	Mild	Less than ethyl esters
Loose stools	Rare	Mild	High doses only
Prolonged bleeding time	Theoretical	N/A	Only at very high doses (>3g/day)

At NTRPX doses (700mg EPA/day), adverse events are uncommon and mild.

Safety Data

Parameter	Finding	Source
Human clinical (up to 4g/day)	No serious adverse events	REDUCE-IT, multiple RCTs
FDA GRAS	Up to 3g/day EPA+DHA	FDA
EFSA	Up to 5g/day EPA+DHA	EFSA 2012
Bleeding risk	Not clinically significant at ≤4g/day	Multiple meta-analyses
LDL cholesterol	Modest increase possible at high doses	Dose-dependent
AvailOm® stability	>4 years, low oxidation	Evonik data

Regulatory Status

Region	Status	Notes
United States	GRAS; dietary supplement	NDI registered
European Union	Novel Food approved	AvailOm® specifically
Japan	Food ingredient	Long history
Canada	NHP eligible	Licensed products

Drug Interactions

Drug Class	Interaction	Severity	Recommendation
Anticoagulants (warfarin)	Additive bleeding risk	★★★☆☆	Monitor INR
Antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel)	Additive effect	★★☆☆☆	Generally safe; may enhance aspirin-triggered resolvins
Antihypertensives	Additive BP lowering	★☆☆☆☆	May allow dose reduction
Statins	Complementary	★☆☆☆☆	Beneficial combination (REDUCE-IT used with statins)
Antidepressants	Complementary	★☆☆☆☆	EPA adjunctive to SSRIs more effective than either alone

Contraindications

Category	Consideration	Severity
Fish/shellfish allergy	Use algal EPA alternative	★★★★★ Absolute
Scheduled surgery	Consider stopping 1-2 weeks before	★★★☆☆ Temporary
Active bleeding	Avoid until resolved	★★★★☆ Temporary

Special Populations

Population	Safety Status	Notes
Healthy adults	Excellent	Well-tolerated
Cardiovascular patients	Excellent	REDUCE-IT demonstrated safety
Depression patients	Excellent	Used as adjunct to antidepressants
Pregnancy	Safe	Less emphasized than DHA for fetal brain
Elderly	Excellent	May have enhanced benefit

Tier 1: Foundation

Efficacy

High — Unique resolution mechanism

Validation

Strong — Multiple meta-analyses, REDUCE-IT trial

Safety

Excellent — GRAS, extensive clinical data to 4g/day

Tier Rationale: Tier 1 (Foundation) classification. EPA is the master inflammation resolver — the only nutritional compound that both competes with arachidonic acid for eicosanoid synthesis and produces specialized pro-resolving mediators (E-series resolvins) that actively terminate inflammation through receptor-mediated resolution programs. Unlike anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress inflammation, EPA resolves it. EPA is also the only omega-3 with robust, consistent meta-analytic evidence for antidepressant efficacy (≥60% EPA formulations). The REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated EPA’s cardiovascular benefits at 4g/day with a 25% reduction in CV events. AvailOm® technology provides 5-9× superior bioavailability over standard supplements. Safety is excellent — GRAS status, extensive clinical data including in cardiovascular patients on statins and antiplatelet therapy.

Practical Considerations

When to Use EPA

Scenario	Expected Benefit	Protocol
Inflammation management	High	500-1000mg daily, ongoing
Adjunctive depression treatment	High	1000-2000mg (≥60% of total), 8-12 weeks
Cardiovascular protection	High	500-2000mg daily, ongoing
Recovery optimization	High	300-500mg evening dose
General wellness	Moderate-High	250-500mg daily, ongoing

Realistic Expectations

Timeframe	What to Expect
Week 1-2	Plasma EPA rising; resolvin production beginning
Week 4	Membrane EPA:AA ratio improving; inflammatory markers may decrease
Week 8	Noticeable — mood effects, inflammatory marker reductions
Week 12+	Full effect — sustained anti-inflammatory, mood benefits

Key Insight: EPA works through both acute mechanisms (eicosanoid competition) and chronic remodeling (membrane ratio shifts). Anti-inflammatory effects begin within weeks; full mood benefits require 8-12 weeks.

Signs It’s Working

Indicator	Description
↓ Inflammation markers	Reduced CRP, IL-6 (if measured)
↑ Mood stability	Improved emotional regulation
↓ Joint stiffness	Reduced inflammatory joint symptoms
↑ Recovery	Faster bounce-back from exercise/stress
Improved energy	Less fatigue from chronic inflammation

Optimizing Response

Strategy	Rationale
Take with meals	Enhanced absorption (less critical with AvailOm®)
Evening emphasis	Aligns with nighttime resolution/recovery
Combine with DHA	Complementary omega-3 actions
Include curcumin	Synergistic anti-inflammatory pathways
Consistent daily use	Membrane remodeling requires chronic dosing
Low-dose aspirin users	May enhance aspirin-triggered resolvin production

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is EPA better for depression than DHA?

Multiple meta-analyses consistently show EPA-dominant formulations (≥60% EPA) produce significant antidepressant effects, while DHA-dominant formulations do not. The mechanism isn’t fully understood, but EPA more potently suppresses neuroinflammation (elevated in depression), is more rapidly converted to bioactive mediators, and may have different effects on serotonin receptor function. For depression specifically, EPA is the omega-3 to prioritize.

What does 'resolution' mean vs. 'suppression'?

Traditional anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs, steroids) suppress inflammation by blocking enzymes or immune cells — but this can impair healing and create “unresolved” chronic inflammation. Resolution is the active, programmed termination of inflammation through specialized mediators (resolvins) that stop neutrophil infiltration, enhance macrophage cleanup of debris, and promote tissue repair. EPA produces resolvins that resolve inflammation properly.

Why is EPA concentrated in the evening product?

NTRPX places EPA-dominant dosing (300mg EPA, 100mg DHA = 75% EPA) in ASG Recover because:

Tissue repair and recovery are active during sleep
Inflammation resolution aligns with circadian repair processes
EPA’s signaling role (vs. DHA’s structural role) is better suited to evening/recovery
The antidepressant effect may support restorative sleep

Can I take EPA with blood thinners?

EPA has mild antiplatelet effects, so theoretical interaction exists. However, meta-analyses show no significant bleeding risk increase at doses up to 4g/day (REDUCE-IT used 4g/day with statin-treated patients, many on aspirin). At NTRPX doses (700mg/day), risk is minimal. Still, consult your physician and monitor INR if on warfarin.

How does the EPA:AA ratio work?

Arachidonic acid (AA, omega-6) and EPA (omega-3) compete for the same enzymes (COX, LOX). When AA dominates, pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4) predominate. When EPA increases, it displaces AA, producing less inflammatory mediators (PGE3, LTB5) plus pro-resolving resolvins. The EPA:AA ratio reflects this balance — higher ratio = more anti-inflammatory status. Western diets create ratios <0.1; optimal is 0.3-0.5.

Is AvailOm® worth it over regular fish oil?

Absolutely. Standard ethyl ester fish oil has 5-9× lower bioavailability than AvailOm®. You’d need 5-9 standard capsules to match one AvailOm® dose. Factor in superior stability (no refrigeration, 4+ year shelf life), absence of fishy burps, and consistent absorption regardless of meal fat content — AvailOm® is the superior technology for delivering therapeutic EPA levels.

Should I take EPA if I'm not depressed?

Yes — EPA’s benefits extend far beyond depression. Its anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and pro-resolving effects benefit anyone with chronic low-grade inflammation (most adults), cardiovascular risk factors, or simply pursuing optimal health. Depression studies demonstrate EPA’s efficacy most dramatically, but the resolution mechanisms benefit broad populations.

What about plant-based EPA?

There is no plant-based EPA. Plants contain ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), which humans convert to EPA at only 5-10% efficiency — far too low for therapeutic benefit. If avoiding fish, algae-derived EPA supplements exist (algae is where fish accumulate their omega-3s originally).

ResolvePro Summary: EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) at 700mg daily via AvailOm® 50 High EPA is the master inflammation resolver — the omega-3 that competes directly with arachidonic acid for COX/LOX enzymes while producing E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2, RvE3) that actively terminate inflammation through receptor-mediated resolution programs. With 5-9× superior bioavailability over standard fish oil, AvailOm® ensures therapeutic EPA delivery. Multiple meta-analyses confirm EPA (≥60% of total omega-3) as the only omega-3 with consistent antidepressant efficacy. The REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated 25% cardiovascular event reduction with purified EPA. In NTRPX ASG Recover (EPA-dominant evening formula) and ASG Boost, ResolvePro EPA delivers the molecular machinery to end inflammation and support recovery.

Version: 1.0 | Last Updated: January 23, 2026 | Document Status: Complete Clinical MonographThis monograph establishes the EPA framework for NTRPX Systems. AvailOm® 50 High EPA has been selected as the gold-standard delivery form based on superior bioavailability (5-9× vs ethyl esters), stability (>4 years), and clinical validation. The EPA-dominant formulation in ASG Recover (75% EPA) is specifically designed to meet the ≥60% EPA threshold validated for antidepressant efficacy while supporting evening resolution and recovery processes.

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Method

Systems

Formulations

Ingredient Manual

Evaluations

Community

​ResolvePro EPA

Recover

Boost

Form

Bioavailability

​Mechanism 1: Arachidonic Acid Competition (Primary Anti-Inflammatory)

​Mechanism 2: E-Series Resolvin Biosynthesis (Active Resolution)

​Mechanism 3: Antidepressant Effect (EPA-Specific)

​Mechanism 4: Cardiovascular Protection

​Molecular Identity

​The Bioavailability Problem

​AvailOm® 50 High EPA Specifications

​Clinical Bioavailability Evidence

​Why Lysine Complexation Works

​Bonus: L-Lysine Content

​EPA and Depression — The Definitive Evidence

​EPA and Inflammation

​EPA and Cardiovascular Outcomes

​EPA:AA Ratio and Clinical Outcomes

​Resolvin Formation in Humans

​EPA + DHA (Complementary Omega-3s)

​EPA + Curcumin (Anti-Inflammatory Synergy)

​EPA + Aspirin (Resolvin Enhancement)

​EPA + Vitamin D3 (Inflammation-Immunity Balance)

​EPA + Magnesium (Enzymatic Support)

​NTRPX EPA Distribution

​Why EPA-Dominant in Evening (Recover)?

​Effective Dose Equivalency

​Evidence-Based Dosing by Indication

​The 60% Rule for Depression

​Timing Considerations

​EPA Content of Common Foods

​Food Equivalents for NTRPX Daily EPA

​Dietary Strategy for NTRPX Users

​Why EPA from Supplements Is Optimal

​Plant Sources?

​Adverse Event Profile

​Safety Data

​Regulatory Status

​Drug Interactions

​Contraindications

​Special Populations

​ Tier 1: Foundation